FILE_ATTRIBUTE_UNPINNED

GetFileAttributes

 The other day I encountered an assert in some external library code. The code asserted that the high DWORD bits of the file attribute (from GetFileAttributes) should be zero. The file attribute value was 0x00100020. 

 It turned out that the high part comes from a file attribute defined in 'winnt.h':

#define FILE_ATTRIBUTE_UNPINNED             0x00100000

  This file attribute is not described in MSDN (yet). It seems to be related to 'OneDrive'.

Enums in a container

Enums

 Enumerates (enums) are often used to distinguish mutual exclusive properties. An enum variable can have than only one value. There are other use cases where more than one enum value can be active at the same time. If these enums are unique and ascending it gives a possibility for optimized storage by using std::bitset over other STL containers.

 Container

 To allow non mutual exclusive enums and store them in a container the following options exist:

• use a std::vector
  
• use a std::bitset
• enums are represented by unique

 using a std:vector is the traditional solution but using the alternative of a std::bitset is more optimal; both in performance as in less memory consumption. The last option is effectively the same as using bitset but enums are more naturllly sequentially ordened.

Example 

Suppose you have the case where used file types are represented by enums and there is a 'Content' class which gives an oversight of all used file types.

enum EFileTypes
{
   eFtBegin = 0,
   eFtData  = eFtBegin,
   eFtBitmap,
   eFtConfig,
   eFtEnd,
};

using std::vector 

Normally one uses a std::vector to store elements. Above example would then become like this:

#include <algorithm>
#include <vector>


struct Content
{
   void AddFileType(EFileTypes eFt)
   {
      if (!HasFileType(eFt))
      {
         m_vecTypes.push_back(eFt);
      }
   }

   bool HasFileType(EFileTypes eFt) const
   {
      return std::find(m_vecTypes.cbegin(), m_vecTypes.cend(), eFt) != m_vecTypes.cend();
   }

   std::vector<EFileTypes>	m_vecTypes;
};

using std::bitset

 with a bitset one can use the (unique) enum value as position in a bitset:

#include <bitset>


struct Content
{
   void AddFileType(EFileTypes eFt)
   {
      m_btsTypes.set(eFt);
   }

   bool HasFileType(EFileTypes eFt) const
   {
      return m_btsTypes.test(eFt);
   }

   std::bitset<eFtEnd>	m_btsTypes;
};

 Using a bitset has thus the following advantages:

• O (c) lookup to check if an enum is present
• memory dense when there are only a couple of enums. Only when you have a large enum range (e.g. > 64) this can become a less attractive option since the bitset is always the size of the largest enum value
  
• equality operator is easily made